This is workable as a definition, yielding the Periodic Table of the
Elements for example, but is otherwise rather arbitrary.
Different isotopes of the same element can have the seriously
different property of one being radioactive and one not.
A few pounds of U-235 atoms can produce a very different effect
than the same amount of U-238.
Still, the division by number of protons (and therefore by number of
electrons...roughly) brought logic and order to chemistry in much the
same way that F=ma brought reason to Newtonian physics.
The only problem is that physics today is hopelessly lost.
New categories of things are really new unknowns. New measurements
raise new questions, and cause new problems.
Spring-And-Loop Theory reverses this trend.
It began with the need to explain gravity.
To achieve this,
without compromise, it had to come up with a uniquely different
model of how everything works.
It soon became apparent this model was able to explain
the most troubling aspects of physics.
Today Spring-And-Loop Theory can summarize by saying that the
Universe is "a box full of marbles",
with matter being the occasional bowling ball.
By the way, for the scale to be correct, the box full of marbles needs to be
1012 meters across -- a tetrameter is about one light-hour -- to house, on average, just one bowling ball.
Yet the humble electron had to wait three years for
its close-up.
The wait has been worth it.
Spring-And-Loop Theory thinks electrons are more like an impurity or dopant.
An extra marble in the box.
Similarly, fit an extra electron into an atom and you get new properties.
But here you have to quickly add "don't forget you need to add another proton in
the nucleus!" to keep tEmP theorists happy.
But why is that the case?
Why do tEmP theories insist we match protons and electrons?
They can "plow through a light year of lead with only half being
stopped" because they need to locate new space -- i.e. find themselves
a home -- before that becomes their final "stop".
If neutrons are composed of a proton, an electron and an anti-neutrino -- and the
neutrino is just a space-creating spring (i.e. non-matter) -- then that
implied that the electron was more like the Moon to the proton's Earth.
Fine in theory, but completely unsubstantiated in real life.
Spring-And-Loop Theory, having modelled gravity, then realized that
electromagnetic attraction was just more "space bending". And was pretty happy
with this reduction.
(1) A pure energy system -- the Universal Matrix (UM) of springs -- was easy
to imagine. And came with the bonus of resolving
the Vacuum Catastrophe all by itself.
(2) Lower energy matter loops were the gravity-creators, and essential
to the world of things.
What nagged was why two different matter systems could co-exist
with each other, and the higher energy UM, without mixing.
In Quantum World, Spring-And-Loop Theory calculated
there were 1073 times as many springs as loops.
Matter loops co-exist in an ultra high energy spring-filled Universe
precisely because the Universe is already filled up. The marbles in that
box full of marbles make sure that everything everywhere is filled to the
brim with marbles.
Yet this doesn't "break down" or otherwise destroy matter -- despite the more
than sufficient power within springs -- because there would be nowhere for
the crushed matter pieces to go.
Like flotsam and jetsam, matter drifts in the Universal Matrix,
because it can't become UM.
The UM leaves matter alone because it already takes up the least space.
Break one ball into two, or ten, and they will collectively take up more
space than the original ball.
And breaking up matter would take some of the spring's energy.
But the entire Universe is filled
with exactly the same thing -- springs of exactly the same high energy.
With that ultra uniformity -- confirmed with the Planck
-- demolishing the lunacy of the Big Bang, by the way.
So if the springs in one part of the UM were to use up some of their energy
crushing an atom, they wouldn't be able to support the pressure of 10154
springs bearing down on them. So they in turn would be crushed.
But when one thing gets crushed, something else must get bigger.
And matter loops are back to their original size.
Viewed recently, this not-quite-right phrase led Spring-And-Loop Theory one step
closer to realizing how magnetism works.
Wikipedia says it thusly:
Summary? "Unpaired electrons" can "align" with magnetism.
To continue its ultimate act of reinvention, Spring-And-Loop Theory
had to somehow imagine all of the electron's properties with just two things:
springs and loops.
What did it mean, for example, that an electron was unpaired?*
Discarding the "spin" label was easy enough, but why were electrons happiest in pairs?
Even ardent tEmP theorists have to admit that electron pairing is
almost arbitrary.
Indirect proof? While the addition of a second electron turns reactive
Hydrogen into passive Helium, other orbitals need eight.
And incredibly, even more audacious orbits find their bliss with no more
(nor less) than ten electrons. Why the different numbers?
And most gut-wrenching of all, the fourth electron orbital level fills up
before the third one does. Where's the Aufbau in that?
Then Spring-And-Loop Theory saw something from a new angle.
Shrinkage.
But it is no miracle worker.
At the smallest scale, it is possible to have a space no spring can
easily fill. A fractional space.
It is possible to fit five in a four seater.
And suitcases can be surprisingly expansive.
Yet sans shoehorn, atoms need a more fundamental method.
Gravity to the rescue!
A box with one too few springs.
And that leaves us charged with describing the electron's true nature.
Our solar system has
Orbiting bodies affect other orbiting bodies.
This is seen most readily at the next scale downward, where moons orbit
a planet.
Detailed study of Jovian and Saturnian moon systems has revealed that
many of their moons orbit at a fixed rate relative to the other moons.
Their need for harmony and order in rotation mirrors the electron's.
Why is that?
Quantum non-explanation Mechanics thinks the smallest
scales are the most random. Yet the smallest things we know of seem
to cooperate in the strictest way we know of.
Let's return to the Spring-And-Loop Theory's view of things, where we
have a box full of marbles, with a bowling ball sized matter loop every
lighthour.
A highly uniform system at the lowest level.
How can we change the properties of "a chunk of it", with just the two
things that make it up?
Pressure. A lot of pressure.
Enough pressure to force an extra marble into the box.
And then? You get new properties.
You get soda water, a whole new beverage. And you get fizz.
Electrons make atoms fizz.
Like unchilled soda pop, metal atoms are more fizzy than most.
When fizzyness can spread from one atom to the next, you have current.
Electricity propagated.
tEmP theories allow seven billion people to connect at light speed
...over an increasingly controlled Internet. But they don't know
what those electrons really are.
Matter-bound and cramped but neutrinos just the same.
These are not to be confused with "electron neutrinos".
Spring-And-Loop Theory has never thought there were the
three (or
four) types
of neutrinos that tEmP theories say magically oscillate from one to the
next "in flight".
Electrons, i.e. matter-bound neutrinos, have found their place.
But it is very crowded.
So crowded, it slows them by a factor of ten to one hundred.
More like those pencil pens where you push one lead
out the bottom by pushing one in the top.
Let's say this proposal by Spring-And-Loop Theory is a stretch.
It is something far outside of conventional understanding.
But it follows, logically, from earlier steps.
Steps that helped refine what a neutrino is, why stars rotate
differently than expected and why there is no strong force.
Most importantly of all, it conflicts with no other part of
Spring-And-Loop Theory.
In fact, once again, Spring-And-Loop Theory has become simpler,
and thus better, with this new explanation.
Footnote:
* - Electron pairing is more like tire balancing. Add a wheel weight to one side,
and your tire will need the same on the opposite side (all else being equal).
Sure you can pack an extra electron/neutrino/spring into an atomic system,
but to be stable, the system needs to be in balance.
Evening up the number of electrons balances the atomic wheel.
By the way, filling an orbital makes an atom stable by taking away
all of the gravitational potential energy that had been created by
the nucleus space bender.
The Speed Of Light
Black Holes
Einstein's Equation
The Ether
Gravity
The Electron
An electron is
a tiny magnet, described by an imaginary arrow
called its spin, which has a curious quantum-mechanical
property. If you pick any direction you wish, and decide to
measure the direction of the spin, you will find that it
points either along the direction you picked (spin up), or
the other way (spin down). Somehow, the spin arrow is simply
not allowed to point 30 degrees from the axis along which
you aligned your measuring device -- or in any other direction
except parallel or antiparallel.
- Hans Christian von Baeyer
And then there were 118
Conventional chemistry says that what makes one atom -- i.e. one element
-- different from the next is the number of protons in the nucleus.
Beyond the categories
Physics -- i.e. tEmP theories -- have
taken many steps toward describing the atom and its building blocks.
Don't keep forever on the public road, going only where
others have gone, and following one after the other like a
flock of sheep. Leave the beaten track occasionally and
dive into the woods. Every time you do so you will be
certain to find something that you have never seen before.
Of course it will be a little thing, but do not ignore it.
Follow it up, explore all around it; one discovery will lead
to another, and before you know it you will have something
worth thinking about to occupy your mind. All really big
discoveries are the results of thought.
- Alexander Graham Bell
Back to basics
Spring-And-Loop Theory has gone through quite the evolution.
COASALT
The "Consequences Of A Spring-And-Loop Theory"
have been many
and varied.
Physics meets Chemistry
Spring-And-Loop Theory has modelled the atom,
pinned down the neutrino and clarified the quantum world.
We owe most of our great inventions and most of the
achievements of genius to idleness -- either enforced
or voluntary. The human mind prefers to be spoon-fed
with the thoughts of others, but deprived of such
nourishment it will, reluctantly, begin to think for
itself -- and such thinking, remember, is original
thinking and may have valuable results.
- Agatha Christie
The electron's role
tEmP theories describe the electron as "a subatomic particle...with a
mass of about 1/1836 of a proton" [wiki].
The power of impurity
Semiconductor chips work because of impurities. Add a bit of one element
to an otherwise pure bunch of another element, and you get new properties.
The most important product of knowledge is ignorance.
The ignorance that leads you to ask "Why...?" questions.
- David Gross
Spring-And-Loop Theory in review
Spring-And-Loop Theory says that neutrinos are surplus springs.
Two spooks become one
"Plus attracts minus" is like gravity's "spooky action at a distance".
Scientific concepts are inner pictures.
- Heinrich Hertz
The fly in the ointment
The remaining concern was that, if both protons and electrons were
"spring-loop systems", it meant there were three fundamental
objects in Spring-And-Loop Theory -- (1) ultra tiny springs of energy,
(2) large lumbering protons and (3) medium sized electrons.
Partial resolution
Mulling this over for the past few years, Spring-And-Loop Theory realized
that matter loops maintained their nature -- despite the ultra high energy
spring jackhammers all around -- precisely because they were the odd man out.
I would prefer to speak openly and like an oracle to give
answers serviceable to all mankind, even though no one
should understand me, rather than to conform to popular
opinions and so win the praise freely scattered by the mob.
- Epicurus
Any problem can be solved
using the materials in the room.
- Edwin Land
The breakthrough
A new insight was needed. Then...
In a paramagnetic material there are unpaired electrons,
i.e. atomic or molecular orbitals with exactly one electron
in them. While paired electrons are required by the Pauli
exclusion principle to have their intrinsic ('spin') magnetic
moments pointing in opposite directions, causing their magnetic
fields to cancel out, an unpaired electron is free to align
its magnetic moment in any direction. When an external magnetic
field is applied, these magnetic moments will tend to align
themselves in the same direction as the applied field, thus
reinforcing it.
- Wiki
Man is not a circle with a single centre;
he is an ellipse with two foci.
Facts are one, ideas are the other.
- Victor Hugo
The leap
Today's scientists have substituted mathematics for experiments,
and they wander off through equation after equation, and eventually
build a structure which has no relation to reality.
- Nikola Tesla
Understanding is what science is all about
and science is a great deal more than
mere mindless computation.
- Roger Penrose
"I was in the pool!"
Spring-And-Loop Theory, realizing that it was gravity that
caused electrons to orbit the nucleus, pictured the strong-force-free nucleus
as a space-contracting zone.
Always go too far,
because that's where you'll find the truth.
- Albert Camus
A fractional gravity effect
The Universal Matrix of springs is most insistent that every
spot in the box full of marbles contain a marble.
To understand truth one must have a very sharp, precise, clear mind.
Not a cunning mind but a mind that is capable of looking without any
distortion. A mind innocent and vulnerable.
- J. Krishnamurti
My kingdom for a...
Just because an apple falls 100
times out of 100 does not mean
it will fall on the 101st.
- Derek Landy
Warning: What goes in might come out!
Sorry to say, STP,
there is at least one legitimate "potential energy" scenario.
The Neutrino's Cousin
nine eight planets, and other systems suggest
the numbers and sizes of planets can vary a lot.
What we see is mainly what we look for.
- John Lubbock
Shim one, shim them all
Scaling from the planetary to the atomic, we find electrons in shells orbiting
in layers. And a great deal of laissez faire.
Profound but contradictory ideas may exist side by side, if
they are constructed from different materials and methods
and have different purposes. Each tells us something
important about where we stand in the universe, and it
is foolish to insist they must despise each other.
- Neil Postman
The Answer?
A gravity-shrunk nucleus box creates just enough room for an
extra marble. But something else is still needed.
Human science fragments everything
in order to understand it,
kills everything
in order to examine it.
- Tolstoy
New Cola
Consider what happens when you pressurize a container of water.
That's all, just carbonate it. What do you get?
Mediocre minds dismiss anything that
reaches beyond their own understanding.
- Rochefoucauld
Truth in science can best be defined as
the working hypothesis best suited to
open the way to the next better one.
- Konrad Lorenz
The shocker
Electrons are neutrinos.
NOTE:
That which has always been accepted
by everyone, everywhere,
is almost certain to be false.
- Valery
The slowest guns in the West
Neutrinos emitted by stars must travel for years
-- at light speed -- before finding their place.
"electrical signals propagate as a wave" -
Wiki
Faith is a state of openness or trust. To have faith is like
when you trust yourself to the water. You don't grab hold of
the water when you swim, because if you do you will become
stiff and tight in the water, and sink. You have to relax,
and the attitude of faith is the very opposite of clinging,
and holding on. In other words, a person who is fanatic in
matters of religion, and clings to certain ideas about the
nature of God and the universe becomes a person who has no
faith at all. They are holding tight when the attitude of
faith is to let go, and become open to truth, whatever it
might turn out to be.
- Alan Watts
COASALT
Introduction
222 Answers
The Atom
Quantum World
Neutrino
Black Holes Revisited
The Comedy Of Science
et=mc3
Comparing Physics Theories
Diffuse Interstellar Bands
Einstein's Ether Talk
No Strong Force
The Electron
Relativity
Unification
Assumptions
Modeling
The Greatest Story
Physics Quotes & Thoughts
Big Bang
Dark Matter/Dark Energy
Dogma
Forget The Fields
Math Sucks
Particle Physics
Peer Review
Standard Model
Star Gazing
String Theory
tEmP Theories/Theorists
The Control System
Trolls
Spring-And-Loop Theory by Floyd Maxwell is licensed
under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
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